Decadal-scale temperature trends in the Southern Hemisphere ocean. Warming of the Southern Ocean since the 1950s. Bottom water warming in the North Pacific Ocean. Decadal variability of the Pacific subtropical cells and their influence on the southeast Indian Ocean. Data Analysis Methods in Physical Oceanography. Fifty-year trends in global ocean salinities and their relationship to broad-scale warming. Improved estimates of upper-ocean warming and multi-decadal sea-level rise. Long-term coordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic. Church, P.L. Woodworth, T. Aarup, and W.S. 143–176 in Understanding Sea-Level Rise and Variability. Ocean temperature and salinity contributions to global and regional sea-level change. Understanding and projecting sea level change. Levitus, ed., NOAA Atlas NESDIS 66, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 216 pp., DVDs.Ĭazenave, A., A. The response of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to recent climate change. ![]() Geophysical Research Letters 30(23):2183. Recent shifts in the state of the North Pacific. Miller, eds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.īond, N.A., J.E. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. ![]() Observations: Oceanic climate change and sea level. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. Pressure sensor drifts in Argo and their impacts. Observed temperature trends in the Indian Ocean over 1960–1999 and associated mechanisms. The article concludes with an examination of the prospects for accomplishing more global temperature and salinity observations by extending autonomous measurements into the currently poorly sampled ice-covered ocean and the half of the ocean volume below the current 2,000-dbar pressure limit of the Argo array of profiling floats.Īlory, G., S. Estimates of global sea level rise due to warming and the effects of temperature and salinity on regional sea level change patterns are discussed. After a brief introduction on the importance of the ocean in the current planetary energy imbalance and the consequences for sea level rise, this article reviews the changing mix of ocean measurements of temperature and salinity, and evolving sampling patterns since the 1950s. However, the effect on global mean sea level rise of ocean freshening by land-ice melt is overwhelmed by the effect of the addition of that melted ice to the ocean. Freshening of seawater also reduces its density, and this effect contributes to regional sea level variations. Ocean warming contributes to global mean sea level rise by reducing the density of seawater, thus increasing its volume. These measurements are often made with a CTD instrument, where the instrument is placed in the ocean water from a ship or a platform.= , You just need to measure the salinity, temperature and pressure to be able to find density. Density is usually calculated using an equation. If you wanted to measure the density of ocean water, you would have to collect a sample of sea water and bring it back to the laboratory to be measured. The density of ocean water is rarely measured directly. That is, water moves along the layers with the same density. Circulation in the depths of the ocean is horizontal. The deep ocean is layered with the densest water on bottom and the lightest water on top. ![]() So, the density of ocean water increases and increases as you go to the bottom of the ocean. The temperature of the ocean decreases and decreases as you go to the bottom of the ocean. So a layer of water with higher salinity can actual float on top of water with lower salinity if the layer with higher salinity is quite a bit warmer than the lower salinity layer. There is one catch though! Temperature has a greater effect on the density of water than salinity does. Given two layers of water with the same salinity, the warmer water will float on top of the colder water. Less dense water floats on top of more dense water. Increasing salinity also increases the density of sea water. So, the colder the water, the more dense it is. Ocean water gets more dense as temperature goes down. There are two main factors that make ocean water more or less dense than about 1027 kg/m 3: the temperature of the water and the salinity of the water. Density of ocean water at the sea surface is about 1027 kg/m 3. Ocean water is more dense because of the salt in it. The density of pure water is 1000 kg/m 3. A fun activity dealing with the density of salt water versus fresh water
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